The History of the City of Antigua, Guatemala

The History of the City of Antigua, Guatemala The city of Antigua, the capital of Sacatepà ©quez Province, Guatemala, is a charming old colonial city that for many years was the political, religious and economic heart of Central America. After being destroyed by a series of earthquakes in 1773, the city was abandoned in favor of what is now Guatemala City, although not everyone left. Today, it is one of Guatemala’s top visitor destinations. The Conquest of the Maya In 1523 a group of Spanish conquistadores led by Pedro de Alvarado swept into what is now northern Guatemala, where they came face to face with the descendants of the once-proud Maya Empire. After defeating the mighty K’iche kingdom, Alvarado was named Governor of the new lands. He set up his first capital in the ruined city of Iximchà ©, home of his Kaqchikel allies. When he betrayed and enslaved the Kaqchikel, they turned on him and he was forced to relocate to a safer area: he chose the lush Almolonga Valley nearby. Second Foundation The previous city had been founded on July 25, 1524, a day dedicated to St. James. Alvarado thus named it â€Å"Ciudad de los Caballeros de Santiago de Guatemala,† or â€Å"City of the Knights of St. James of Guatemala.† The name moved with the city and Alvarado and his men set up what essentially amounted to their own mini-kingdom. In July of 1541, Alvarado was killed in battle in Mexico: his wife, Beatriz de la Cueva, took over as Governor. On the unlucky date of September 11, 1541, however, a mudslide destroyed the city, killing many, including Beatriz. It was decided to move the city once again. Third Foundation The city was rebuilt and this time, it prospered. It became the official home of the Spanish colonial administration in the area, which covered most of Central America up to and including the southern Mexican State of Chiapas. Many impressive municipal and religious buildings were built. A series of Governors ruled the region in the name of the King of Spain. Provincial Capital The Kingdom of Guatemala never much in the way of mineral wealth: all of the best New World mines were in Mexico to the north or Peru to the south. Because of this, it was difficult to attract settlers to the area. In 1770, the population of Santiago was only about 25,000 people, of which only 6% or so were pure-blooded Spanish: the rest were mestizos, Indians and blacks. In spite of its lack of wealth, Santiago was well-located between New Spain (Mexico) and Peru and developed into an important commercial hub. Many of the local aristocracies, descended from the original conquistadors, became merchants and prospered. In 1773, a series of major earthquakes leveled the city, destroying most of the buildings, even the ones which had been well built. Thousands were killed, and the region was plunged into chaos for a while. Even today you can see fallen rubble at some of Antigua’s historical sites. The decision was made to move the capital to its present location in Guatemala City. Thousands of local Indians were conscripted to move what could be salvaged and to rebuild on the new site. Although all of the survivors were ordered to move, not everyone did: some remained behind in the rubble of the city they loved. As Guatemala City prospered, the people living in the ruins of Santiago slowly rebuilt their city. People stopped calling it Santiago: instead, they referred to it as â€Å"Antigua Guatemala† or â€Å"Old Guatemala City.† Eventually, the â€Å"Guatemala† was dropped and people began referring to it as simply â€Å"Antigua.† The city rebuilt slowly but was still large enough to be named the capital of Sacatepà ©quez Province when Guatemala became independent from Spain and (later) the Federation of Central America (1823–1839). Ironically, â€Å"new† Guatemala City would be hit by a major earthquake in 1917: Antigua largely escaped damage. Antigua Today Over the years, Antigua retained its colonial charm and perfect climate and is today one of Guatemala’s premier tourist destinations. Visitors enjoy shopping at the markets, where they can purchase brightly colored textiles, pottery and more. Many of the old convents and monasteries are still in ruins but have been made safe for tours. Antigua is surrounded by volcanoes: their names are Agua, Fuego, Acatenango and Pacaya, and visitors like to climb them when it is safe to do so. Antigua is particularly known for Semana Santa (Holy Week) festivities. The city has been named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Assignment Report On Eight Domains Of The Nmc Framework

Assignment Report On Eight Domains Of The Nmc Framework The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate my clinical and educational practice, especially in mentoring pre-registration nursing students, newly qualified nurses and internationally-educated nurses. All registered nurses have a professional duty to become mentors and play an important role in facilitating students to build their competency. I will aim to reflect on practice relative to the Eight Domains of the NMC framework and give an accurate analysis on how this can impact a student’s experiences and learning opportunities. Papp (2002) stated that, â€Å"student nurses highly value clinical practice and the possibilities it offers in the process of growing to become a nurse and a professional†. It is essential to create a positive learning environment that allows students to build confidence and therefore, bridge the gap between theory and practice. This promotes students’ interests in learning and encourages them to participate more. NMC Domains Establishing effective working relationships I was expecting a second-year student starting on the ward, therefore a students’ welcome pack was prepared and a discussion took place over the phone a few days prior the start day. The student had a few questions about shift times and was excited but worried to start, due to having no neurosurgical experience. I assured them that most of the other students were in that situation and that the team was looking forward to meeting and working with her. On the morning she arrived, I, as the nurse in charge, had allocated some of my morning duties to other members of staff so I could have an initial conversation with the student. In addition, I introduced her to the rest of the team, orientated her within the unit, and explained my role in the ward and the type of patients and how we distributed them. We discussed the student’s goals for this placement, the action plans to achieve them and further beneficial learning opportunities, for example: theatre time, bed meetings, shadowing specialist nurses, etc. I believe this initial meeting is an essential factor in building a mutual trust and working relation. Dunn and Hansford (1997) highlighted the importance of staff and student relationship informing initial perceptions of their learning environment as well as feeling part of an established nursing team. Facilitating Learning Within the initial conversation with the student I was working with, we discussed the learners’ objectives for this placement. I asked her what she felt she wanted from me as a mentor, what style of learning she preferred and what she felt assisted her to gain confidence with clinical skills. I discovered this made the student feel at ease in the learning environment. Furthermore, the student was reluctant and anxious to a verbal handover on the phone and we identified that as a goal to achieve in this placement. On the following days, I took the student and sat her next to me in three different occasions when I had to handover a patient to a local hospital. After she observed how I conduct myself, I asked her to go away and list the important clinical aspects she would need to inform the other hospital when doing a handover. A few days later, she had the occasion to handover a patient independently with me sitting next to her for support and with the list she made as a guide. She started very nervously but gained confidence towards the end of the call. She was very proud of what she had achieved and the approach allowed the student and myself to develop a learning plan based on the student’s needs. Research shows that clinical learning environments are considered as an anxiety and stress-provoking factor for pre-registration nursing students which can be barriers to learning. Effective and supportive mentorship help reduce anxiety and stress and could enhance students’ learning and performance. Assessment and Accountability Pellatt (2006) explains the importance of the nurses’ accountability when working with the students. As the nurse is accountable for the tasks they may delegate to the student, but insuring the student is competent in these tasks it will allow for safe practice. It is important to find out whether students have the traits to practice safely and effectively without any direct supervision on their own to be competent. A third-year student was allocated by myself the task of checking the vital signs of four patients. Even though the student was the one performing the task I, as the registered nurse, had the responsibility to check the observations were recorder and documented. When checking the patients’ observations charts, I realized that although they were filled out, one patient who should have been scoring on the Early Warning Score (EWS) system had not been identified and had been scored at 0. The EWS is a guide used to quickly determine the degree of illness of a patient. It has a policy to escalate and act quickly to prevent further deterioration (. As this student has been placed in the hospital for other clinical placements, I had expectations that he would have fully understood the EWS. We must work within our limits and if we do not know something, we must ‘ask’ in order to provide safe care. Moreover, I asked the student to evaluate his performance by asking him how well he thought he did. I listened to his side of the story and provide constructive feedback to identify his strengths as well as areas he has to work on. Giving constructive feedback is an important role of a mentor in student assessment. From this discussion, we put into place an action plan that allowed him to practice more on patients observations and study the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. I gave him a list of articles about EWS and asked him to read and interpret them. I also directed him to a microteaching session of EWS system. Once he felt confident and comfortable with his skills, the sign-off mentor and myself allocated him with four patients and evaluated him at the end of the shift. By the end of the day, the student was competent and self-assured in carrying out vital sign observations and mapping them on EWS. Mentoring gives an opportunity to reflect on our own actions and beliefs and helps us change our practices. Upon reflection, I have acknowledged my own strengths and weaknesses as a mentor, and become more aware of my role as an assessor. Thus, sometimes, nurses fail to fail students because they are not adequately prepared for the role. However, when a student does fail to meet the necessary foundation competence required by the NMC, then the only option would be to fail the student based on these ground rules. I believe that it takes a skilled mentor to quickly identify when a student requires more support and guide them through their learning with all available resources. Evaluation of learning In mentoring a student nurse it is essential to continuously evaluate and reflect on practice. Vuorinen et al (2001) found that evaluation is an important aspect of professional development. Therefore, ensuring adequate evaluation techniques are being used is imperative to a student nurses progression. As a mentor I encourage and welcome feedback from students with regards to my mentoring techniques and the environment in which they are learning. There is a difference in being a teacher or evaluator compared to being an assessor, an important role aspect of being mentors (Webb Shakespeare 2008). Being a mentor is challenging, especially when there is a shortage of staff as it reduces the amount of time that mentors could allocate to student assessment. Not only is this important for the progression but also my reflection on a personal practice. Clynes and Raffery (2014) highlight that effective feedback should not only explore areas or current practice, but should empower the studen t to proceed with excellent practical skills. Create an environment for learning When we share feedback on the learning environment, it allows my colleagues and I to ensure the ward is deemed appropriate by students’. Saarikoski Leino-kilpi (2002) emphasizes the need for a positive ward environment and a good leadership structure within the ward in order to maximize learning potential. Midgley (2006) identifies the importance of learning in clinical practice and the balance of theoretical and practical work by student nurses. Working with a first-year student on her first placement, we identified her objective e of learning about basic nursing care and how to ensure patients met their Activities of Daily Living (ADLS) (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2000). In order to facilitate her objective, every morning we highlighted the patients with dependency scores that indicated they would need more nursing care that someone who was completely independent with their ADLs. We carried out the basic nursing care together until the student felt comfortable doing this by herself when appropriate. Every morning, she would highlight the patients’ needs and use this to plan the care she would provide. The student excelled in the care given to these patients and updated care plans as and when was necessary. Context of practice When I became ward manager that I currently work on, I realized that the handover was not as efficient as required. It was an area in which I felt we, as nurses, could develop our ward handover procedure. In addition, I felt important information was left out which will potentially improve our clinical care for the patients. Sexton et al (2003) discussed the use of good communication tools for nursing handovers in order to provide continuity of care. I decided to use Safety Briefing forms to emphasize the patients who needed more attention (e.g. risk of falls, step down from ICU, etc.) so that the whole team was aware of particular patients’ needs. The students and members of the team seemed to appreciate the simple tool which allowed them to discuss patients’ care, due to the structure they were provided with. I feel that introducing this tool to the team I work with has changed communication and in turn patients care for the better. Not only has it benefitted the current staff but it gives students the opportunity to practice and gain confidence in what can sometimes be challenging communication situations. Evidence based practice Brown et al (2008) recognized the importance of evidence based practice to ensure patients’ safety at all times. However, there are barriers which are identified including time and resources. The importance of applying theory to practice was highlighted by Upton. D (1999) therefore it is essential that a good mentor facilitates this. While working with a second-year student, we allocated him with a patient who had contracted Clostridium Difficile. The patient was nursed in a side room with isolation protocols in place following Infection control policy. The student working with me at the time discarded the apron and gloves inside the side room as per indicated. Nevertheless, he forgot to wash his hands to decontaminate them. Gerding et al (2014) provide evidence to show that C.Difficile spores will survive in the hands, therefore the evidence states that we must only use soap and water in these instances and ensure that patients and visitors use the same approach. I sat with t he student and showed him the evidence articles, asking him to read through them. In response, he acknowledged that he needs to improve his nursing care and took it upon himself to remind visitors before and after entering a room that washing hands with soap and water is a must. Leadership Bally J. (2007) recognizes the importance of leadership in ensuring effective nursing standards. Not only is it important for nurses to have good leadership support from their seniors, but it is also essential that all nurses are themselves good leaders. Latham et al (2008) states the importance of nurses supporting team members is imperative to good patient care and career progression. Consequently, it is evident that a mentor should have good leadership skills in order to be an advocate for their student nurse and support them though their training. Wilkes Z (2006) describes the mentors role a one of support but also objective and analytical. When working with a student it is always essential that the student’s objectives and aims are met though planning and regular discussions of feedback and encouragement. I met a student at her first neurosurgical placement. She developed a strong interest in our area and discussed her eagerness of seeing more aspects of neurosurgery, particularly brain tumors. I promoted her spending time with theatre cases of oncology, followed by shadowing oncology nurses and their discussions at the Multidisciplinary Team Meeting every week. She was also present at family meetings where the results were discussed with the patient and the treatment to follow explained to the family. The student enjoyed her time and felt that she engaged well with members of the medical team. We set up objectives for her to achieve and had different meetings afterwards to see if the objectives where achieved. She found ‘difficult and painful’ to break up sad news to patients and found that this area of neurosurgery was very challenging and complex but one she would love to dedicate to in the future. We went thought some literature together and shared experiences with he r so she could understand that feeling pain and sadness thrt4ough our nursing career when facing extreme upset situations were common to most of us and nothing to feel ashamed of.

Law - Law of Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Law - Law of Tort - Essay Example The law is also concerned with the option of transferring blame. This implies that using the law blames can be transferred to another person or party. Tort law therefore provides remedies to an individual or a party for losses suffered due unreasonable actions of another person or party. There are two categories of tort laws and they are concerned with suits that are aimed at protecting an individual’s privacy against any violation. Negligence and intentional are the two basic categories or torts and they signify the main tort claims made in most civil courts (Yeats, Giliker & Luckham, 2005). From the given scenario, Charles a freelance photographer sneaks into Bertram compound without his knowledge and proceed to takes his nude photograph. Charles was able to gain access to the highly restricted compound through Desdemona’s assistance. Later a market researcher named Alex tries to have an interview with Bertram in his house without his content. Bertram denies him a cha nce for an interview based on the warning sign at his drive. In particular, the sign states that any trespasser will be prosecuted. Bertram go ahead and caries the market researcher to the drive although he had proved his identity. According occupier’s liability act of 1984, Alex Charles and Desdemona, violated Bertram’s right to privacy on the other hand Bertram violated Alex’s rights by carrying him forcefully. ... Firstly, Bertram is a billionaire who believes that he should have a private life free from any intruder. He has gone to an extent of placing a sign at his drive indicating that all trespassers will be prosecuted. As an ordinary person, Bertram is entitled to privacy according to the law and therefore any trespassing is a violation of his rights (Yeats, Giliker, Luckham, 2005). Secondly, his house is a private property and therefore he has the right to allow accept or reject visitors accordingly. Concerning the two unauthorized visitors to Bertram’s compound, Charles has a more serious case to answer according to tort law. Although he is a journalist, he needed endorsement before gaining access to Bertram’s compound. In addition, Charles took unauthorized photographs in two separate occasions and this proves that his acts were intentional. Charles not only intentionally took unauthorized photograph of Bertram and his compound but he took nude photographs of the complain ant. These activities are intentional and therefore Bertram has legal claims according to the tort law. Basing on those arguments Bertram can proceed to make a legal suit against the trespassers; however, he should make his claims with caution in order to attract the relevant remedies. He has to be aware of the possible claims that Charles can present in the courtroom in defence of his action. Charles can base his counterclaims on the requirements of his career as a journalist. From this basis, Charles can claim that as a journalist, his work serves the public and therefore he needs to cover events that are of public interest. He can therefore claim that the highly restricted Bertram’s compound is of public interest and therefore he should have some legal protections against any legal suit that

Making Sense of Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Making Sense of Change Management - Essay Example It accounts for an organizational process which is aimed at the empowerment of the employees towards accepting or embracing a change in their organization or business environment. The strategy begins with a systematic approach for diagnosing the present situation for determining both the need for change and also the capacity of the organization to implement changes. However, at the beginning of the plan, the purpose, objective and process of the change must be specified to every member of the organization. Most organizations have acknowledged the idea of managing innovation in their organizations. In fact, the performance of innovation varies greatly across organizations which suggest that both the organizational and structural factors affect the influence of innovation on performance (Bessant & Pavitt, 2005, p.13). Â  The project aims to explore the changes and innovation management strategy undertaken in US-based Apple Corp Ltd. It makes an analysis of the effectiveness of the strategy undertaken in the organization in bringing about the change with a presentation of suitable arguments to support the topic. Â  The change management strategies are explained in terms of Kotter’s eight steps to change. The theory is one of the most important and most widely accepted texts in modern organizations. It defines eight steps in which changes can be implemented in organizations effectively. Although the steps are primarily meant for organizations, they also find application in personal change initiatives. Successful change management is also explained in terms of the Lewin’s model of organizational change.

Crime in society :: essays research papers

What is this world coming to? Our society is losing its authority. Why is there so much crime in society? There is so much because there are so many people that never consider the other person that they are stealing from or causing harm to. All of these people are self-centered and never think who they could be hurting but what they are going to gain from the crime whether it be happiness or self-respect they don’t think of the consequence or how the person on the other side of the crime feels. The reason why this is, is because the parents today are not cutting it. They are not teaching their children the difference between right and wrong. How come Aristotle says that society perfects human but yet no one is perfect? If our parents would take a little more responsibility with their children we wouldn’t have so much crime. Our parents are not putting enough restriction on the kids. There are letting them roam free because they feel guilty when their children complain and cry so they let them have their way. On a few cases the parents try their best but they still grow up to be some of the unfortunate cases that still commit crimes. These types of criminals are the ones that have an influence to commit crimes. Most of the time the main influence is peer pressure. Usually the person wants to fit in so he commits a crime thinking that he will be excepted. There are also very few cases of when the person grows up and unfortunately has a natural desire to break the rules. Fortunately this can be corrected from grammar school if caught early, if not it can lead to horrible consequences. If parents are lucky they can raise a normal child that will lead to a good life with much to gain from a few years of hard work to many years of happiness and feeling that you have completed your mission as a parent to raise a good child. I think what Aristotle is trying to say when he says that society perfects humans is that without society we would be farther away to perfection than we are now. I disagree with this because no matter what influence you have it is impossible to be perfect. Which means that society or government or anything else has nothing to do with the

Food Inc. Essay

1. Incorporation (Inc. ) means to form a legal association of individuals, created by law or under the authority of law, with a continuous existence independent of the existences of its members, and with powers and liabilities distinct from those of its members. Therefore, Food Inc. implies that food system of the modern day has become more of a combination of monopolized businesses, whom only care about their profits, rather than the farmers from the obsolete agricultural system. 2. Walking through a supermarket many food items are plastered with images of farms and pastures creating a facade to the true factory farming that’s occurring in today’s society. These images are creating a pastoral fantasy of the agrarian America of the 1930’s. 3. Using Monsanto’s soy beans for this timeline all seeds begin in a lab. Seeds are genetically altered (GMOs). They are then sold to farmers who have a contract with the Monsanto Company. Then they harvested in large amounts and shipped out to be processed, but some of the beans are used a feed for cattle and other livestock. At the factory they are packaged, and are shipped out to local supermarkets for national consumption. 4. The McDonald brothers revolutionized the fast food industry. They â€Å"brought the factory system to the kitchen. † Increasing profit, while decreasing costs, and with this came an increase in the unhealthiness of food by focusing on the three things humans’ desire most: sugar, fat, and salt. 5. Factory farming is the precise systematic farming of livestock in a factory setting an example being chickens. Today, chickens are often raised in huge metal buildings with no access to light or fresh air, confined together with thousands of birds in one building, and made to grow so quickly that often their bones cannot keep up and they can lose their ability to walk. 6. In Food Inc. the phrase â€Å"growing chickens† creates a negative connotation. It would seem that the process that’s usually referred to as raising chickens has become so systematic that there is no longer a personal connection between the farmer, and his chickens. They become property, which are only used for financial profit. 7. With all the diversity found in the supermarket, one would think there are hundreds of different companies that provide the different foods. Truthfully, about eighty percent of all products in the supermarket are produced, and distributed by four major companies. This creates an illusion of diversity which, unfortunately, most consumers are unaware of. 8. Monsanto Company, Tyson Foods, Smithfield Foods, and Perdue Farms were all asked to be interviewed for Food Inc. and all declined the opportunity. Declining the opportunity to explain their motives give many a reason for doubt. Showing they have secrets or motives that would not be explainable without legal confrontations. 9. Environmental contamination is a major result of the newly developed farming system. Manure mixed with run-off water can contaminate surrounding vegetable farms causing Salmonella and E. coli contamination in plants such as spinach and lettuce. In South America, a major beef producer, deforestation has become a huge problem which is created by companies trying to make space for factory farms. This deforestation causes the displacement of animals and ecosystems. Smoke produced by factories can lead to smog, and air pollution in concentrated amounts. 10. Not only does the modern food system have a negative effect on the environment it harms humans as well. With animal feed being treated with antibiotics any bacteria present has a chance to become immune. This bacteria can then be acquired by consumption of raw meat, and with it being immune to some antibiotics, it will cause an increase the difficulty of treatment, and may result in death. With the food system being based so highly on the consumption of fat, salt, and sugar, a major concern for humans is heart disease, obesity, and diabetes. Type two diabetes, acquired diabetes, used to only be contracted in adulthood, but now its arising as early as age seven. 11. There is a direct relationship between food and health. The major goal of the new industrial agricultural system is to grow everything faster, fatter, and bigger. We’ve grown right along with the companies who own these farms. Michael Pollan evaluates the problem by comparing it to the past: â€Å"Over the course of human history, we were struggling to make sure we had enough food and enough calories for a sizable percentage of the human race. Now the problem is too many calories. † 12. GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism. Companies such as Tyson may use GMOs to produce more efficient and more profitable livestock. GMOs should be clearly labeled when present in food. Although not all GMOs are harmful, a customer should be privileged to know what their food contains. Labeling the presence of a GMO may also prevent a lawsuit against the major corporations if anything was to happen. 13. The documentary Food Inc. , being very factual, used many different sources to acquire all the information needed. Sources such as first-hand accounts on what occur, hidden cameras, accredited websites, other documentaries, classical farmers, award winning authors familiar with the topic, and many well educated informants. 14. Food Inc. is sectioned into chapters. Each chapter pulls the veil away from the consumers eyes on somewhat different, but connected topics: fast food, food contents, food safety, right to healthy food, meat industry, chicken industry, major companies, lives lost, and what consumers can do to change the system. 15. Being a documentary the main purpose of Food Inc.is to educate people on the problems of food production, and to persuade consumers to make healthier food choices. It may also be trying to inspire change in the everyday persons eating habits. 16. Food Inc. is directed towards middle class citizens who shop at the supermarket without really knowing what they are eating. 17. The strategies used throughout Food Inc. covered a wide range of tactics. Rhetorical questions, hidden camera footage, creditable statistics, personal anecdotes, music, religion, and the most heart wrenching strategy used was on location filming of the factory farms. 18. Food Inc. had a very informative, and cautious tone. There were many facts, and just as many warnings. 19. An interesting revelation made in the duration of Food Inc. is how naive people can ben to their surroundings. Maria Gonzalez believed that â€Å"everything was healthy† which justified her family visiting Burger King for almost every meal. It would be understandable to know that she couldn’t afford anything healthier, but to not know that the food she was consuming was unhealthy, it just shows how manipulative large corporations can be.

Study Of Managing Construction Project Scheduling Using...

METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This part will be discuss on how research methodology that was used in accomplishing the targets of this study, consecutively. In this chapter will explain the interpretation of the investigation method used. Collection data methods or investigation methodology is the basic element in this research. The aim of the research in this chapter is to assurance that the data and significant study achived as the objectives and aims of the investigation study. There are two things in methodology part, qualitative method and quantitative method. Quantitative method or known as survey is handled to find measurable result of the study. Meanwhile qualitative is a method used to study the data collected during the research. There are various types of qualitative methods that have been used but the famous one is interview. The aims of this research are to study of managing construction project scheduling using Building Information Modelling (BIM). 3.2 Research Design Refer to author Davis (1992) the most cases research can be carry out in various ways and recommend a strategy to study in this area: 1. Literature review needed to do so that it can give a better understanding about the topic. 2. With a case study the researcher can observe the things happen under investigation in such a actual setting and allow the validity of the research itself. 3. 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